Subtle Leadership: When Referent Power is Subtly Powerful

The following research presents the construct of “subtle leadership” in a conceptual discussion as a new way of perceiving and studying leaders of the twenty-first century. Its core objective points toward the conceptualization of “subtle leadership,” sharing a basic definition to provoke discussion and emerging theoretical framework in order to better understand the current organizational reality. Some leadership styles such as servant leadership, shared leadership, and authentic leadership are discussed to compare and contrast them with “subtle leadership,” emphasizing that leadership is viewed as a process and not only as styles or personal traits. Subtle leadership is primarily based on a high level of referent power and a holistic perspective of the personal and process factors essential for leading and influencing today’s workplace. Considering the potential of “subtle leadership” for further discussion in the academic world, it aims to generate provoking theory building

Ensambles de arqueas y bacterias en la Zona de Mínimo Oxígeno del ecosistema de surgencia de Chile central determinados mediante biomarcadores orgánicos

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo.Organic biomarkers were used to investigate the influence of seasonal changes in oxygenation and water chemistry on the distribution of archaea and bacteria in the water column and surface sediments of the continental shelf off central Chile (ca. 36°S), an area influenced by seasonal upwelling and the development of an oxygen minimum zone. We were interested in establishing if occurrence of archaea and bacteria responds to oxygenation and water chemistry for which we analyzed archaeal isoprenoid (i) and bacterial branched (br) glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). Our results combined with molecular data from a year round observational program at the same sampling site and depths indicatives the occurrence and dominance of the marine pelagic group Thaumarchaeota. Changes in the distribution of iGDGTs might be explained by (i) the presence of archaeal populations in sub-oxic waters, phylogenetically different from those in surface water, (ii) changes in the relative contribution of Euryarchaeota with depth, and (iii) a relationship between Thaumarchaeota and environmental factors other than temperature. Branched GDGTs were more abundant in the upper, oxic layer during the non-upwelling season, may be a result of higher river runoff, whereas their diversity was higher within sub-oxic waters. Our results indicate a vertical segregation of iGDGTs and brGDGTs, with predominance of archaeal biomarkers during the low productivity season.Se utilizaron biomarcadores orgánicos en para investigar la influencia de cambios estacionales en los niveles de oxigenación y la química del agua sobre la distribución de arqueas y bacterias en la columna de agua y los sedimentos superficiales de la plataforma continental frente a Chile central, un área influenciada por surgencia estacional asociada al desarrollo de una zona de mínimo oxígeno. Nuestro interés es establecer si la ocurrencia de arquea y bacteria responde a la oxigenación y química del agua para lo cual analizamos gliceroles dialquil gliceroles tetra-éteres (GDGTs) isoprenoides arqueanos (i) y ramificados bacterianos (r). Nuestros resultados, combinados con datos moleculares de observaciones durante un año en el mismo lugar y profundidades del sitio de estudio indican la presencia y dominancia del grupo arqueano marino- pelágico Thaumarchaeota. Los cambios observados en la distribución de iGDGTs podrían explicarse por (i) la presencia de poblaciones de arqueas marinas en la capa de agua sub-óxica, filogenéticamente diferentes a las de aguas superficiales, (ii) cambio en la contribución relativa de Euryarchaeota con profundidad, y (iii) una relación entre Thaumarchaeota y factores ambientales distintos a la temperatura. Los GDGTs ramificados fueron más abundantes en la capa óxica superior durante el periodo de no-surgencia, tal vez influenciado por la alta descarga de ríos, mientras que su diversidad fue más alta en el agua sub-óxica. Nuestros resultados indican una segregación vertical de los GDGTs isoprenoides y ramificados, con el predominio de biomarcadores arqueanos durante el periodo de baja productividad.http://ref.scielo.org/vq5y7

Relación entre la abundancia viral y procariótica sobre el monte submarino Bajo O'Higgins 1 (Sistema de la Corriente de Humboldt frente a Chile)

There is little known about the ecology of microbial communities living in the water column over seamounts. Here, for the first time, the spatial distribution and abundance of virus-like particles (VLP) are described over a seamount. The association between VLP distribution, prokaryotic abundance, and environmental variables is also analyzed. Sampling was conducted in December 2004 on the Bajo O’Higgins 1 seamount (32°54’S, 73°53’W) located in the Humboldt Current System off Chile. A oxygen minimum layer (OMZ) was clearly present between 130 and 280 m in the water column over the seamount. Water samples were taken with Niskin bottles at 10 oceanographic stations over the seamount at depths of 5, 20, 50, 75, 100, and 150 m and at the benthic boundary layer (BBL; 5-12 m over the sediments). Temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll , and phaeopigments were measured at each station. Viral and prokaryotic abundances were determined with fluorochrome SYBR Green I. Viral abundance ranged from 1.53 x 109 VLP L-1 - 16.48 x 109 VLP L-1, whereas prokaryotic abundance ranged from 1.78 x 10 8 cell L-1 - 14.91 x 108 cell L-1. The virus-like particle/prokaryote ratio varied widely among the analyzed layers (i.e. surface, OMZ, and BBL), probably due to the presence of different prokaryotic and viral assemblages in each layer. Our results indicate that the environmental conditions, mainly the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water column over Bajo O’Higgins 1 seamount, shape the association between viral and prokaryotic abundance.La ecología de comunidades microbianas que habitan en la columna de agua sobre montes submarinos es escasamente conocida. Aquí, por primera vez, se describe la distribución y abundancia de partículas virales (VLP) sobre un monte submarino. La asociación entre la distribución de VLP, abundancia de procariotas y variables ambientales es también analizada. El muestreo fue realizado en Diciembre del 2004 sobre el monte submarino Bajo O’Higgins 1 (32°54’S, 73°53’W) localizado en el Sistema de la Corriente de Humboldt frente a Chile. Una zona de mínimo oxígeno se detectó entre 130 y 280 m en la columna de agua sobre el monte submarino. Las muestras de agua fueron tomadas con botellas Niskin desde 10 estaciones oceanográficas a 5, 20, 50, 75, 100, y 150 m de profundidad y en la capa de interfase bentónica (BBL; 5-12 m sobre el sedimento). Las variables temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, clorofila y feopigmentos fueron medidas en cada estación. La abundancia de virus y procariotas se determinó utilizando el fluorocromo SYBR Green I. La abundancia viral varió entre 1.53 x 10 9 VLP L-1 - 16.48 x 109 VLP L-1, mientras que la abundancia de células procariotas lo hizo entre 1.78 x 10 8 células L-1 - 14.91 x 10 8 células L-1. La razón virus/procariotas varió fuertemente entre los estratos analizados (i.e. superficial, zona de mínimo oxígeno, capa de interfase bentónica), probablemente debido a la presencia de diferentes ensambles procarióticos y virales en cada estrato. Nuestros resultados indican que las condiciones ambientales, principalmente la concentración de oxígeno disuelto en la columna de agua sobre el monte submarino Bajo O’Higgins 1, modula la asociación entre la abundancia viral y la abundancia de células procariotas

Estrategia: análisis y aplicación en empresa Andrews

Documento que presenta el desarrollo de la administración de una compañía de la industria de sensores dentro de un ambiente virtual de simulación. Se realizó un análisis de la competencia y del mercado, se revisaron los periodos de ejecución, los departamentos de la empresa y sus productos. De igual forma, se presentan los resultados finales después de la aplicación de diversas estrategias de negocios

Circulating Irisin Levels Are Not Regulated by Nutritional Status, Obesity, or Leptin Levels in Rodents

Irisin is a cleaved and secreted fragment of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) that is mainly released by skeletal muscle and was proposed to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism. In the present study we aim to investigate the regulation of the circulating levels of irisin in obese animal models (diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice), as well as the influence of nutritional status and leptin. Irisin levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum irisin levels remained unaltered in DIO rats and ob/ob mice. Moreover, its circulating levels were also unaffected by fasting, leptin deficiency, and exogenous leptin administration in rodents. In spite of these negative results we find a negative correlation between irisin and insulin in DIO animals and a positive correlation between irisin and glucose under short-term changes in nutritional status. Our findings indicate that serum irisin levels are not modulated by different physiological settings associated to alterations in energy homeostasis. These results suggest that in rodents circulating levels of irisin are not involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and could be unrelated to metabolic status; however, further studies should clarify its precise role in states of glucose homeostasis imbalance.Xunta de GaliciaIDISGobierno de España/Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadInstituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII

Avaliações do programa de gestão hoteleira: Bases para o aprimoramento do currículo

Global standards in Hospitality Management in terms of academic learning and practical skills are very stiff competition in the industry. Interns' level of performance due to the individual KSA (Knowledge, Skill, and Attitude) evaluation CTU-Main HM collected. However, the internship performance of the Trainee depends individually in terms of KSA. A quantitative method structured questionnaire and distributed to evaluate how the individual factors of interns that would help determine the curriculum enhancement based on the results. Essential insights that advance understanding of the efficient design and informed management of internship programs based on evaluations among students can be invaluable in measuring outcomes from the internship program and the entire professional instruction program for future Hospitality Management professionals. It provides perspectives on coursework, activities, and suggested curriculum changes. Integrating program and internship assessment is appropriate since internships are part of the program. It attempted to explore the academic performance and internship performance in terms of KSA and personality of hospitality management students by examining their capacity before the internship and their skills enhancement needed for the internship experience following its completion. It reveals that an interaction that influence the individual factors is essential in shaping student expectations of the internship. Individual and organizational factors regarded as influencers on interns' experience, training factors about the transition of environment that regulate interns' experience and characteristics serve as mediators to the internship experience.Los estándares globales en gestión hotelera en términos de aprendizaje académico y habilidades prácticas son muy competitivos en la industria. Nivel de desempeño de los pasantes debido a la evaluación individual CHA (Knowledge, Skill and Attitude) recopilada por CTU-Main HM. Sin embargo, el rendimiento en el escenario interno depende individualmente en términos de CHA. Un cuestionario de método cuantitativo estructurado y distribuido para evaluar cómo los factores individuales de los pasantes ayudarían a determinar la mejora del plan de estudios en función de los resultados. Los conocimientos esenciales que promueven la comprensión del diseño efectivo y la gestión informada de los programas de pasantías basados ​​en las evaluaciones entre los estudiantes pueden ser invaluables para medir los resultados del programa de pasantías y todo el programa de instrucción profesional para los futuros profesionales de la gestión hotelera. Brinda perspectivas sobre cursos, actividades y cambios sugeridos en el plan de estudios. La integración de la evaluación del programa y la pasantía es apropiada, ya que las pasantías son parte del programa. Trató de explorar el desempeño académico y el desempeño de la pasantía en términos de CHA y personalidad de los estudiantes de administración hotelera, examinando su capacidad antes de la pasantía y la mejora de sus habilidades requeridas para la experiencia de la pasantía después de su finalización. Revela que una interacción que influya en los factores individuales es esencial para moldear las expectativas del estudiante en relación con la pasantía. Los factores individuales y organizacionales considerados influyentes en la experiencia del pasante, los factores formativos sobre la transición de ambiente que regulan la experiencia y las características del pasante sirven como mediadores de la experiencia de pasantía.Padrões globais em Gestão de Hospitalidade em termos de aprendizado acadêmico e habilidades práticas são uma competição muito acirrada no setor. Nível de desempenho dos estagiários devido à avaliação individual CHA (Conhecimento, Habilidade e Atitude) coletada pelo CTU-Main HM. No entanto, o desempenho do estágio do Estagiário depende individualmente em termos de CHA. Um questionário estruturado de método quantitativo e distribuído para avaliar como os fatores individuais dos estagiários ajudariam a determinar o aprimoramento curricular com base nos resultados. Insights essenciais que promovem a compreensão do design eficiente e gerenciamento informado de programas de estágio com base em avaliações entre os alunos podem ser inestimáveis na medição dos resultados do programa de estágio e de todo o programa de instrução profissional para futuros profissionais de gerenciamento de hospitalidade. Ele fornece perspectivas sobre cursos, atividades e mudanças curriculares sugeridas. A integração da avaliação do programa e do estágio é apropriada, uma vez que os estágios fazem parte do programa. Ele tentou explorar o desempenho acadêmico e o desempenho do estágio em termos de CHA e personalidade dos alunos de gestão de hospitalidade, examinando sua capacidade antes do estágio e o aprimoramento de suas habilidades necessárias para a experiência de estágio após sua conclusão. Revela que uma interação que influencie os fatores individuais é essencial para moldar as expectativas do aluno em relação ao estágio. Fatores individuais e organizacionais considerados como influenciadores da experiência do estagiário, fatores formativos sobre a transição de ambiente que regulam a experiência e as características do estagiário servem como mediadores da experiência de estágio

Organically Grown Rice Farming and Marketing Project: Assessing the Project Design and Irrigator Associations’ Needs in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

The Philippine Department of Agrarian Reform seeks to determine the feasibility of the organically grown rice farming and marketing project when implemented in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. Using the qualitative study approach, two irrigators associations (IA) were assessed by holding key informant interviews and focus group discussions with IA officers and non-IA members. IAs’ needs were assessed by, first, their organizational capacities, i.e., vision, mission, goal, structure, members’ participation, fiscal resources, community network, and registration; and second, their enterprise capacities, responsiveness of proposed common service facility to needs, and nature of professional services to be provided. Suitability of design was assessed using the following: (1) quality and relevance of objectives and design; (2) potential sustainability and expansion; and (3) viability in terms of community participation, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. Results of SWOT analysis indicate common findings among the associations and their community. Both have initial experience with small-scale organic farming and are in proximity to potential high-end markets. However, there are characteristics distinct to each of the IAs. One IA has a perennial problem with its main water canal while the other has no other income stream aside from its limited membership fees.  Given the results, some recommendations are drawn